[目的/意义] 我国《个人信息保护法》规定了国家机关为履行法定职责处理个人信息的比例原则限制，这亦是政府数据开放中个人信息权利保护的边界。研究比例原则如何适用于政府数据开放，有助于我国在促进数字经济发展的同时有效保护个人信息。[方法/过程] 运用文本研究法和案例研究法，重点比较研究比例原则在欧盟政府数据开放中的适用。[结果/结论] 我国可通过明确立法授权提升开放行为适当性，综合运用立法及技术手段降低开放行为限制性，对个人及政府信息分类确保开放行为均衡性和构建多元化政府数据开放监督救济机制等路径，确保政府数据开放中的个人信息保护符合比例原则的适当性、必要性、均衡性要求。
[Purpose/Significance] China’s Personal Information Protection Law sets a principle of proportionality limit for state governments to deal with personal information in fulfilling its legal obligations. This limit is also applicable to the protection of personal information in opening government data. This article studies how the principle of proportionality applies to open government data. And this research helps China to protect personal information in a better way while promote its digital economic development.[Method/Process] The research was conducted by both textual and case studies. The key of research was to comparatively study how the principle of proportionality applies to the EU government’s data open.[Result/Conclusion] China is advised to clarify the legality of opening government data in domestic legislation, control the restrictive impact of opening by a combination of both legislation and technologies, categorize government data and personal information to promote the proportionality, and construct a diversified supervision mechanism on open government data, to ensure the protection of personal information in open government data is consistent with the principle of suitability, necessity and proportionality sensu stricto.
[1] 翁士洪, 林晨晖, 库地热提. 突发事件政府数据开放质量评估研究:新冠病毒疫情的全国样本实证分析[J]. 电子政务, 2020(5):2-13.
[2] 孔庆江, 于华溢. 数据立法域外适用现象及中国因应策略[J]. 法学杂志, 2020, 41(8):76-88.
[3] European data protection board. Statement on the processing of personal data in the context of the COVID-19 outbreak[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/other-guidance/statement-processing-personal-data-context-covid-19_en.
[4] U.S. department of health and human services. Notification of enforcement discretion for telehealth remote communications during the COVID-19 nationwide public health emergency[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/special-topics/emergency-preparedness/notification-enforcement-discretion-telehealth/index.html.
[5] 陈朝兵, 郝文强. 国内外政府数据开放中的个人隐私保护研究述评[J]. 图书情报工作, 2020, 64(8):141-150.
[6] U.S. department of health and human services. COVID-19 and HIPAA:disclosures to law enforcement, paramedics, other first responders and public health authorities[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-hipaa-and-firstresponders-508.pdf.
[8] 纪海龙. 比例原则在私法中的普适性及其例证[J]. 政法论坛, 2016, 34(3):95-103.
[9] 张兰兰. 作为权衡方法的比例原则[J]. 法制与社会发展, 2022, 28(3):187-205.
[10] 徐继强. 德国宪法实践中的比例原则[C]//许崇德, 韩大元. 中国宪法年刊2010. 北京:法律出版社, 2011.
[11] GARDBAUM S. Positive and horizontal rights:proportionality's next frontier or a bridge too far?[C]//VICKI J, MARK T.Proportionality:new frontiers, new challenges. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2017:221.
[12] 盛小平, 唐筠杰. 我国个人信息权利与欧盟个人数据权利的比较分析:基于《个人信息保护法》与GDPR[J]. 图书情报工作, 2022, 66(6):26-33.
[13] BYGRAVE L A. Data privacy law, an international perspective[M]. New York:Oxford University Press, 2014:147.
[14] UBALDI B. Open government data:towards empirical analysis of open government data initiatives[EB/OL].[2023-01- 31]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5k46bj4f03s7-en.pdf?expires=1675258277&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=645E3291D15882B54A12DAC553C7205D.
[15] 张起. 欧盟开放政府数据运动:理念、机制和问题应对[J]. 欧洲研究, 2015, 33(5):66-82, 86.
[16] 迪莉娅. 欧盟新公共信息再利用指令研究[J]. 图书馆学研究, 2014(23):63-67, 89.
[17] 闫志开. 公共部门信息再利用的法律规制:欧盟经验与中国路径[J]. 电子政务, 2022(10):110-124.
[18] TRIDIMAS T. The general principles of EU law[M]. 2nd ed. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2007:139.
[19] 阿尔诺, 刘权. 欧洲基本权利保护的理论与方法——以比例原则为例[J]. 比较法研究, 2014(1):182-200.
[20] JANS J H. Proportionality revisited[J]. Legal issues of economic integration, 2000, 27(3):239-265.
[21] 刘权. 目的正当性与比例原则的重构[J]. 中国法学, 2014(4):133-150.
[22] European data protection supervisor. Assessing the necessity of measures that limit the fundamental right to the protection of personal data:a toolkit[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://edps.europa.eu/data-protection/our-work/publications/papers/necessity-toolkit_en.
[23] PASQUETTO I V, RANDLES B M, BORGMAN C L. On the reuse of scientific data[J]. Data science journal, 2017, 16(8):1-9.
[24] DALLA CORTE L. Safeguarding data protection in an open data world:on the idea of balancing open data and data protection in the development of the smart city environment[EB/OL].[2023- 01-31]. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/39278394/Dalla_Corte_Safeguarding_23_04_2020.pdf.
[25] Article 29 working party. Opinion 02/2016 on the publication of personal data for transparency purposes in the public sector[Z/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://ec.europa.eu/justice/article-29/documentation/opinion-recommendation/files/2016/wp239_en.pdf.
[26] 商希雪. 超越私权属性的个人信息共享——基于《欧盟一般数据保护条例》正当利益条款的分析[J]. 法商研究, 2020, 37(2):57-70.
[27] College bescherming persoonsgegevens. Publicatie van persoonsgegevens op Internet[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. https://autoriteitpersoonsgegevens.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/rs/rs_20071211_persoonsgegevens_op_internet_definitief.pdf.
[28] LOKHORST G, EECHOUD M V. Public registers caught between open government and data protection-personal data, principles of proportionality and the public interest[C]//HALLINAN D, LEENES R, GUTWIRTH S, et al. Data protection and privacy:data protection and democracy. New York:Hart Publishing, 2020:222.
[29] 张涛. 政府数据开放中个人信息保护的范式转变[J]. 现代法学, 2022, 44(1):127-128.
[30] 赵需要. 政府信息公开到政府数据开放的嬗变[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2017, 40(4):1-9.
[31] 宋烁. 论政府数据开放中个人信息保护的制度构建[J]. 行政法学研究, 2021(6):78-89.
[32] 刘权. 比例原则的中国宪法依据新释[J]. 政治与法律, 2021(4):68-78.
[33] 刘权. 行政判决中比例原则的适用[J]. 中国法学, 2019(3):84-104.
[34] 吴亚光. 政府数据开放中个人隐私信息的公开界限[J]. 图书馆学研究, 2020(22):45-52.
[35] 张涛. 欧盟个人数据匿名化的立法经验与启示[J]. 图书馆建设, 2019(3):58-64.
[36] 复旦大学数字与移动治理实验室. 中国地方政府数据开放报告(省域):2021下半年[EB/OL].[2023-01-31]. http://www.dmg.fudan.edu.cn/?p=9273.
[37] 王利明. 论个人信息权的法律保护——以个人信息权与隐私权的界分为中心[J]. 现代法学, 2013, 35(4):62-72.
[38] 王锡锌. 重思个人信息权利束的保障机制:行政监管还是民事诉讼[J]. 法学研究, 2022, 44(5):3-18.
