[Purpose/Significance] This paper summarizes the practice and the implementation path of citizen science in the United States in order to provide references for carrying out citizen science activities in China. [Method/Process] Mainly using the network and literature survey method, this paper searched citizen science policy documents on the official websites of federal agencies such as NASA, NOAA, and NSF and relevant materials of public science platforms such as SciStarter, systematically expounded the current situation of citizen science practices in the United States from three aspects: policy, platform, and project, and summed up the implementation path of American public science and its enlightenment to our country. [Result/Conclusion] The practice of citizen science in the United States is at the forefront of the world and has formed a set of citizen science implementation paths consisting of formulating policies, regulations, and strategic plans, preparing for citizen science, carrying out citizen science education and training, implementing citizen science projects and activities, and conducting citizen science evaluation and feedback. Drawing lessons from the experience of the United States, China can promote the development of domestic citizen science by innovating its implementation model, strengthening the management of citizen science projects, enhancing the participation of the public, conducting the evaluation of citizen science, and promote the construction of citizen scientific communities.
[1] KUNST S, NASTASE N, BOGERT M. Citizen science at TU delft[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://dapp.orvium.io/api/v1/deposits/61baf1840b940e0009447ecd/pdf.
[2] 陈鹤阳. 美国公共图书馆公众科学服务实践及启示[J]. 图 书 馆 学 研 究, 2022(1): 93-101, 40. (CHEN H Y. Practice and inspiration of citizen science services in American public libraries [J]. Researches in library science, 2022(1): 93-101, 40.)
[3] 苏幼停, 许春漫. 美国高校图书馆公众科学服务实践及启示[J]. 图书情报工作, 2019, 63(3): 129-137. (SU Y T, XU C M. Practice and inspiration of citizen science services in American university libraries[J]. Library and information science, 2019, 63(3): 129-137.)
[4] 周玲玲. 美国大学图书馆支持民众科学研究的经验及启示[J]. 新世纪图书馆, 2016(12): 83-87. (ZHOU L L. Experience and inspiration of American university libraries supporting citizen scientific research[J]. New century library, 2016(12): 83-87.)
[5] The United States Congress. Crowdsourcing and citizen science[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://www.congress.gov/114/bills/hr6414/BILLS-114hr6414ih.pdf.
[6] 梁琦, 刘萱. 科研项目嵌入面向公众科学传播活动的政策与 实现路径——美国 NASA 空间科学办公室教育与科普项 目案例研究[J]. 中国科技论坛, 2013(5): 149-154. (LIANG Q, LIU X. The policy and implementation path of embedding scientific research projects into citizen science communication activities: a case study of NASA’s Office of Space Science education and science popularization project[J]. Forum on science and technology in China, 2013(5): 149-154.)
[7] PRUDIC K L, MCFARLAND K P, OLIVER J C, et al. Ebutterfly: leveraging massive online citizen science for butterfly conservation[J]. Insects, 2017, 8(2): 1-12.
[8] COHNSTAEDT L W, SNYDER D, MAKI E, et al. Crowdsouring methodology: establishing the Cervid disease network and the north American mosquito project[J]. Veterinaria italiana, 2016, 52(3): 195-200.
[9] 李大光. 美国公众科学素养纵向研究及启示[J]. 科学, 2012, 64(6): 28-31. (LI D G. Vertical research on American citizen scientific literacy and its inspiration[J]. Science, 2012, 64(6): 28-31.)
[10] 李瑞丽, 崔家岭. 国外移动公众科学教育的组织运营模式: 美 国 和 德 国 的 启 示[J]. 经 济 师, 2011(12): 55-56. (LI R L, CUI J L. Theorganizational and operational models of mobile citizen science education abroad: inspirations from America and Germany[J]. China economist, 2011(12): 55-56.)
[11] 盛小平, 张泰宇. 创新发展:美国开放科学政策及其启示[J]. 图书馆论坛, 2024, 44(7): 139-149. (SHENG X P, ZHANG T Y. Innovative development: open science policy in America and its inspiration[J]. Library tribune, 2024, 44(7): 139-149.)
[12] 赵栋祥. 公众科学平台:发展现状、服务实践与启示——以 Zooniverse 为例[J]. 图书情报工作, 2018, 62(17): 120-128. (ZHAO D X. Citizen science platforms: development status, service practice and inspiration: taking Zooniverse as an example[J]. Library and information science, 2018, 62(17): 120-128.)
[13] SDSU University Library. Citizen science resources[EB/OL].[2024-11-11].https://libguides.sdsu.edu/c.php?g=1381362&p=10215080.
[14] STEIN C, WITTMER A, FEGERT J, et al. Citizen science as a service? A review of multi-project citizen science platforms[EB/OL]. [2025-01-04]. https://www.esociety-conf.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/3_ES2023_F_085_Stein.pdf.
[15] OSTP. Addressing societal and scientific issues through citizen science and crowdsourcing[EB/OL]. [2024-11-15]. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/holdren_citizen_science_memo_092915_0.pdf.
[16] NOAA. Citizen science strategy[EB/OL]. [2024-11-15]. https://sciencecouncil.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/CitizenScience-Strategy-final-1.pdf.
[17] NOAA. NOAA citizen science action plan 2023-2027[EB/OL]. [2024-11-15]. https://sciencecouncil.noaa.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/NOAA-Citizen-Science-Action-Plan_final.pdf.
[18] 刘娅. 美国联邦政府推动公民科学发展举措及对我国的启 示[J]. 中国科技资源导刊, 2022, 54(4): 44-50. (LIU Y. The US federal government’s initiatives to promote the development of citizen science and their implications for China[J]. China science & technology resources review, 2022, 54(4): 44-50.)
[19] THEOBALD E J, ETTINGER A K, BURGESS H K, et al. Global change and local solutions: tapping the unrealized potential of citizen science for biodiversity research[J]. Biological conservation, 2015, 181(1): 236-244.
[20] EButterfly. About eButterfly[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://www.e-butterfly.org/en/content/about.
[21] 常旭华, 陈强, 刘笑. 美国 NIH 和 NSF 的科研项目精细化过 程管理及对我国的启示[J]. 经济社会体制比较, 2019(2): 134-143. (CHANG X H, CHEN Q, LIU X. Fine process management of research projects by NIH and NSF in America and its implications for China[J]. Comparative economic & social systems, 2019(2): 134-143.)
[22] SALMON R A, RAMMELL S, EMENY M T, et al. Citizens, scientists, and enablers: a tripartite model for citizen science projects[J]. Diversity, 2021, 13(7): 309-323.
[23] OSTP. Implementation of federal prize and citizen science authority: fiscal years 2017-2018[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Final_Implementation-of-Federal-Prize-and-Citizen-Science-AuthorityFiscal-Years_21_22.pdf.
[24] VCE. All in for biodiversity[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://vtecostudies.org/.
[25] 贾鹤鹏. 基于公众参与科学视角探索 “ 公民科学 ” 的中国路 径[J]. 科 学 与 社 会, 2024, 14(2): 1-13, 97. (JIA H P. Exploring the Chinese path of ‘citizen science’ from the perspective of public participation in science[J]. Science & society, 2024, 14(2): 1-13, 97.)
[26] Bumble Bee Watch. More bumble bee resources[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://www.bumblebeewatch.org/more-resources/.
[27] Stall Catchers. Stall catchers[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://stallcatchers.com/main#working_together.
[28] Maine Bumble Bee Atlas. Field forms[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://mainebumblebeeatlas.umf.maine.edu/member-resources/field-forms/.
[29] 王兴丽, 许春漫. 美国公共图书馆开展 CS 社区服务的实践 与启示[J]. 数字图书馆论坛, 2022(1): 59-67. (WANG X L, XU C M. The practice and inspiration of citizen science community services in American public libraries[J]. Digital library forum, 2022(1): 59-67.)
[30] MARDIS M A, HOFFMAN E S, MCMARTIN F P, et al. Toward broader impacts: making sense of NSF’s merit review criteria in the context of the National Science Digital Library[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 2012, 63(9): 1758-1772.
[31] FRIEBELE E. NSF adopts new criteria[J]. Transactions American Geophysical Union, 1997, 19(5): 197-200.
[32] 美国国家科学基金会价值评议工作组. 美国国家科学基金会 价值评议标准:评估与修订[J]. 科技导报, 2013, 31(10): 15-17. (The National Science Foundation Value Review Working Group in America. National Science Foundation value evaluation criteria: evaluation and revision[J]. Science & technology review, 2013, 31(10): 15-17.)
[33] 王筱纶, 赵宇翔, 刘筱. 公众科学项目中的公众信任机理及 提升策略研究:基于公众的视角[J]. 情报资料工作, 2018, 224(5): 23-31. (WANG X L, ZHAO Y X, LIU X. Research on citizen trust mechanisms and enhancing strategies in citizen science projects: from a citizen perspective[J]. Information and documentation services, 2018, 224(5): 23-31.)
[34] 张换兆. 美国公众科学发展及对我国的启示[J]. 全球科技经济 瞭望, 2017, 32(6): 66-71. (ZHANG H Z. The development of citizen science in America and its enlightenment for China[J]. Global science, technology and economy outlook, 2017, 32(6): 66-71.)
[35] 张健, 陈圣宾, 陈彬, 等. 公众科学:整合科学研究、 生 态 保 护 和 公 众 参 与[J]. 生 物 多 样 性, 2013, 21(6): 738-749. (ZHANG J, CHEN S B, CHEN B, et al. Citizen science: integrating scientific research, ecological protection and citizen participation[J]. Biodiversity science, 2013, 21(6): 738-749.)
[36] 娄成武, 张露萍. 我国公众参与科技决策的现实障碍及对 策分析[J]. 科技进步与对策, 2010, 27(18): 5-8. (LOU C W, ZHANG L P. Analysis of realistic obstacles and countermeasures for citizen participation in science and technology decision making in China[J]. Science & technology progress and policy, 2010, 27(18): 5-8.)
[37] 黄瑞雄. 公众科学素养提升的难题与对策[J]. 广西教育学 院 学 报, 2014(2): 28-32, 127. (HUANG R X. The difficulties and countermeasures for improving citizen scientific literacy[J]. Journal of Guangxi College of Education, 2014(2): 28-32, 127.)
[38] 黄军英. 美国科技项目管理信息系统[J]. 全球科技经济瞭望, 2015, 30(1): 6-10. (HUANG J Y. American technology project management information system[J]. Global science, technology and economy outlook, 2015, 30(1): 6-10.)
[39] 刘勇波, 罗建武, 李永华, 等. 积极推动公众科学发展[N]. 中 国环境报, 2020-04-13(3). (LIU Y B, LUO J W, LI Y H, et al. Actively promoting the development of citizen science[N]. China environment news, 2020-04-13(3).)
[40] NSF. Science and technology: public perceptions, awareness, and information sources[EB/OL]. [2024-11-11]. https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20227.
[41] 李捷. 公众参与科研的影响及其在我国的发展研究[D]. 成 都: 成 都 理 工 大 学, 2018. (LI J. Research on the impact of citizen participation in scientific research and its development in China[D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2018.)
[42] MACLEOD C J, SCOTT K. Mechanisms for enhancing public engagement with citizen science results[J]. People and nature, 2021, 3(1): 32-50.
[43] 肖永英, 谭英, 庞蓓. 我国公共图书馆社区信息服务研究 的回顾和展望[J]. 图书情报工作, 2004(10): 55-59. (XIAO Y Y, TAN Y, PANG B. Review and prospect of research on community information services of public libraries in China[J]. Library & information service, 2004(10): 55-59.)
[44] The Limits and Possibilities of Citizen Science. Why birdwatchers can’t save the world?[EB/OL]. [2024-11-15]. https://freerads.org/2016/02/29/citizen-science/?shared=email&msg=fail.
