[1] PRESIADO M, MONTERO A, LOPES L, et al. KFF health misinformation tracking poll: artificial intelligence and health information [EB/OL]. [2026-01-04]. https://www.kff.org/ health-information-trust/poll-finding/kff-health-misinformationtracking-poll-artificial-intelligence-and-health-information/kffhealth-misinformation-tracking-poll-artificial-intelligence-andhealth-information/.
[2] BANDURA A. The self system in reciprocal determinism[J]. American psychologist, 1978, 33(4): 344-358.
[3] NIELSEN-BOHLMAN L, PANZER A M, KINDIG D A. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion[M]. Washington: National Academies Press, 2004.
[4] YUN H S, BICKMORE T. Online health information–seeking in the era of large language models: cross-sectional web-based survey study[J]. Journal of medical Internet research, 2025, 27: e68560.
[5] 章小童, 李月琳, 张书涵, 等. 任务视角下用户单/ 多模态网络健康信息选择与个性化搜索研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2025, 69(8): 117-130. (ZHANG X T, LI Y L, ZHANG S H, et al. Research on user preference for single/multi-modal online health information and personalized search from the perspective of tasks[J]. Library and information service, 2025, 69(8): 117-130.)
[6] 陈静, 段青云, 陈红丽, 等. 健康信息甄别中任务难度对大学生 APP使用行为的影响[J]. 信息资源管理学报, 2024, 14(2): 148-161. (CHEN J, DUAN Q Y, CHEN H L, et al. Effect of task difficulty on APP use behavior for college students in health information identification[J]. Journal of information resources management, 2024, 14(2): 148-161.)
[7] LIU J, BELKIN N J. Personalizing information retrieval for multi-session tasks: examining the roles of task stage, task type, and topic knowledge on the interpretation of dwell time as an indicator of document usefulness[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2015, 66(1): 58-81.
[8] IM H, SUNG B, LEE G, et al. Let voice assistants sound like a machine: voice and task type effects on perceived fluency, competence, and consumer attitude[J]. Computers in human behavior, 2023, 145: 107791.
[9] MENDEL T, SINGH N, MANN D M, et al. Laypeople’s use of and attitudes toward large language models and search engines for health queries: survey study[J]. Journal of medical Internet research, 2025, 27: e64290.
[10] CHEN X, HAY J L, WATERS E A, et al. Health literacy and use and trust in health information[J]. Journal of health communication, 2018, 23(8): 724-734.
[11] KUBB C, FORAN H M. Online health information seeking for self and child: an experimental study of parental symptom search[J]. JMIR pediatrics and parenting, 2022, 5(2): e29618.
[12] SUN X, MA R, ZHAO X, et al. Trusting the search: unraveling human trust in health information from google and ChatGPT[EB/ OL]. [2026-01-04]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.09987.
[13] 相甍甍, 孙畹婷, 王晰巍, 等. 在线健康社区用户复合信息行为的实证研究—— 信息共享和信息搜寻同步的视角[J]. 情报科学, 2022, 40(7): 111-119, 135. (XIANG M M, SUN W T, WANG X W, et al. An empirical study on users’ composite information behavior in online health community[J]. Information science, 2022, 40(7): 111-119, 135.)
[14] 陈明红, 麦洁雯. 错失焦虑视角下突发公共卫生事件健康风险信息搜寻行为研究—— 基于混合方法的实证[J]. 情报科学, 2023, 41(6): 113-124, 135. (CHEN M H, MAI J W. Health risk information seeking behavior of public health emergencies from the perspective of FOMO: an empirical study based on the hybrid approach[J]. Information science, 2023, 41(6): 113-124, 135.)
[15] 朱云琴, 陈渝. 双路径视角下在线健康社区用户健康信息搜寻行为影响因素研究[J]. 图书馆杂志, 2022, 41(10): 83-96. (ZHU Y Q, CHEN Y. Research on influencing factors of users’ health information seeking behavior in online health community based on the perspective of dual paths [J]. Library journal, 2022, 41(10): 83-96.)
[16] CARL N, HAGGENMÜLLER S, WIES C, et al. Evaluating interactions of patients with large language models for medical information[J]. BJU international, 2025, 135(6): 1010-1017.
[17] AL SHBUL M K I, ALWREIKAT A, ALOTAIBI F A. Investigating the use of ChatGPT as a novel method for seeking health information: a qualitative approach[J]. Science & technology libraries, 2024, 43(3): 225-234.
[18] 宗慧源, 赵宇翔, 宋士杰. 内容社交平台赋能用户日常健康信息获取行为—— 基于App漫游法和关键事件技术法的质性分析[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2024, 47(12): 54-62. (ZONG H Y, ZHAO Y X, SONG S J. Exploring users’ everyday health information accessing on content social media: qualitative investigation based on App walk-through and critical incident techniques[J]. Information studies: theory & application, 2024, 47(12): 54-62.)
[19] SHAHSAVAR Y, CHOUDHURY A. User intentions to use ChatGPT for self-diagnosis and health-related purposes: crosssectional survey study[J]. JMIR human factors, 2023, 10(1): e47564.
[20] ARGAN M, GÜRBÜZ B, DURSUN M T, et al. Usage intention of ChatGPT for health in turkey: an extended technology acceptance model[J]. International journal of human–computer interaction, 2024: 1-13.
[21] TEIXEIRA LOPES C, HENRIQUES M. Unveiling health literacy through web search behavior: a classification-based analysis of user interactions[C]//Proceedings of the 2024 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. Sheffield: ACM, 2024: 1-11.
[22] TEIXEIRA LOPES C, RAMOS E. Studying how health literacy influences attention during online information seeking[C]// Proceedings of the 2020 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. Vancouver: ACM, 2020: 283-291.
[23] 黄崑, 郭琼皓, 胡文瑾, 等. 网络健康信息求证检索行为及态度变化研究[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2024, 47(12): 43-53. (HUANG K, GUO Q H, HU W J, et al. Research on the behavior and attitude changes of online health information search and verification[J]. Information studies: theory & application, 2024, 47(12): 43-53.)
[24] 裴俊良, 周晓英, 张素萍. 健康信息替代搜寻行为的类型、 过程、特征和模型研究[J]. 现代情报, 2024, 44(1): 11-24. (PEI J L, ZHOU X Y, ZHANG S P. Research on the types, process, characteristics and model of proxy health information seeking behavior [J]. Journal of modern information, 2024, 44(1): 11-24.)
[25] SOBOLEVA A, MILLS A. Using ChatGPT for medical information seeking[C]//ACIS 2023 proceedings. Wellington: ACIS, 2023: 126-135.
[26] WANG Y, ZHANG Y, GUO T, et al. Knowledge level and health information-seeking behavior of people with diabetes in rural areas: a multicenter cross-sectional study[J]. Frontiers in public health, 2024, 12: 1285114.
[27] 陈明红, 李思婷, 曾贝欣. 老年人网络健康信息替代搜索行为影响因素及关联路径研究—— 从被替代搜索者视角[J]. 信息资源管理学报, 2022, 12(5): 41-52. (CHEN M H, LI S T, ZENG B X. Research on factors and association paths of online health information surrogate search behavior of the elderly: a perspective of surrogated searchers[J]. Journal of information resources management, 2022, 12(5): 41-52.)
[28] MINGHAO P, LEYUN H, JINGYING Y, et al. A grounded theory study on medical students’ proxy online health information seeking behavior[J]. BMC public health, 2025, 25(1): 339.
[29] SHEN S A, PEREZ-HEYDRICH C A, XIE D X, et al. ChatGPT vs. web search for patient questions: what does ChatGPT do better?[J]. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology, 2024, 281(6): 3219-3225.
[30] AYOUB N F, LEE Y J, GRIMM D, et al. Head‐to‐head comparison of ChatGPT versus google search for medical knowledge acquisition[J]. Otolaryngology–head and neck surgery, 2024, 170(6): 1484-1491.
[31] AREFA-ADIB G, O’HANLON P, FULLARTON K, et al. A qualitative study of online mental health information seeking behaviour by those with psychosis[J]. BMC psychiatry, 2016, 16(1): 232.
[32] VAN RIEL N, AUWERTX K, DEBBAUT P, et al. The effect of Dr google on doctor–patient encounters in primary care: a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional study[J]. BJGP open, 2017, 1(2): 17X100833.
[33] LU X, ZHANG R, WU W, et al. Relationship between internet health information and patient compliance based on trust: empirical study[J]. Journal of medical Internet research, 2018, 20(8): e253.
[34] LU X, ZHANG R, WU W, et al. Is the internet different from traditional mass media in promoting patient compliance with mature treatments?[J]. Telemedicine and e-health, 2020, 26(1): 69-77.
[35] 林莹, 童莺歌, 章彩芳, 等. 简化版欧洲健康素养调查问卷的汉化及信效度检验[J]. 护理研究, 2024, 38(20): 3586-3591. (LIN Y, TONG Y G, ZHANG C F, et al. Chinese version of the 16-item of European health literacy survey questionnaire and its reliability and validity test[J]. Chinese nursing research, 2024, 38(20): 3586-3591.)
[36] GULATI S, SOUSA S, LAMAS D. Design, development and evaluation of a human-computer trust scale[J]. Behaviour & information technology, 2019, 38(10): 1004-1015.
[37] MADSEN M, GREGOR S. Measuring human-computer trust[C]//11th Australasian conference on information systems. Brisbane: Emerald, 2000: 6-8.
[38] YILMAZ D, UZELLI D, DIKMEN Y. Psychometrics of the attitude scale towards the use of artificial intelligence technologies in nursing[J]. BMC nursing, 2025, 24(1): 151.
[39] DE ZWART O, VELDHUIJZEN I K, ELAM G, et al. Perceived threat, risk perception, and efficacy beliefs related to SARS and other (emerging) infectious diseases: results of an international survey[J]. International journal of behavioral medicine, 2009, 16(1): 30-40.
[40] WANG C, O’NEILL S M, ROTHROCK N, et al. Comparison of risk perceptions and beliefs across common chronic diseases[J]. Preventive medicine, 2009, 48(2): 197-202.
[41] ZHANG Y. Beyond quality and accessibility: Source selection in consumer health information searching[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2014, 65(5): 911-927.
[42] DOLNIČAR V, GROŠELJ D, HRAST M F, et al. The role of social support networks in proxy internet use from the intergenerational solidarity perspective[J]. Telematics and informatics, 2018, 35(2): 305-317.
[43] HOLDEN S T, TIONE S, TILAHUN M, et al. How WEIRD are student samples? Lessons based on the trust game in Malawi[M]. Norway: Centre for Land Tenure Studies, 2023.
[44] JAGER J, XIA Y, PUTNICK D L, et al. Improving generalizability of developmental research through increased use of homogeneous convenience samples: A Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Developmental psychology, 2025, 61(10): 1991- 2007.
[45] 王伟康, 褚浩衍, 朱庆华. 基于任务驱动的信息检索人智交互体验研究—— 以对话式信息搜索引擎为例[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2025, 48(6): 132-141. (WANG W K, CHU H Y, ZHU Q H. Research on task-driven human-AI interaction experience in information retrieval: a case study of conversational search engine[J]. Information studies: theory & application, 2025, 48(6): 132–141.)
[46] 李雨佳, 祝嘉淇, 刘畅. 人智交互中用户的提问行为与信息使用行为研究[J/OL]. 图书情报知识, 1-14[2026-01-04]. http:// kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1085.G2.20250507.1443.002.html. (LI Y J, ZHU J Q, LIU C. Users’ prompting and information use behaviors in human-AI interaction[J/OL]. Documentation, information & knowledge, 1–14[2026-01-04]. http://kns.cnki. net/kcms/detail/42.1085.G2.20250507.1443.002.html.)
[47] 黄崑, 陈佳琦, 刘畅. 面向任务难度感知的检索行为研究[J]. 图书 情报 工作, 2022, 66(3): 83-92. (HUANG K, CHEN J Q, LIU C. Research on the search behaviors oriented to task difficulty perception[J]. Library and information service, 2022, 66(3): 83–92.)
[48] 章小童, 李月琳, 辛然. 用户健康信息搜索中交互感知、交互行为与交互质量的关系探究[J]. 情报学报, 2024, 43(11): 1349-1365. (ZHANG X T, LI Y L, XIN R. Exploring the relationships among interaction perception, behavior, and quality during users’ online health information searches[J]. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 2024, 43(11): 1349-1365.)
[49] SCHEIRER C J, RAY W S, HARE N. The analysis of ranked data derived from completely randomized factorial designs[J]. Biometrics, 1976: 429-434.
[50] ZHANG T, LI M, ZHANG F, et al. Physical activity in adolescents of different family socioeconomic status: the moderating role of gender[J]. Frontiers in pediatrics, 2025, 13: 1559554
[51] 刘清堂, 苗恩慧, 郑欣欣, 等. 教学代理的个性化情感反馈对大学生在线同步讨论学习投入的影响研究[J]. 远程教育杂志, 2024, 42(4): 31-39, 63. (LIU Q T, MIAO E H, ZHENG X X, et al. Development of learning confusion in online learning environments: a systematic literature review of empirical research[J]. Journal of distance education, 2024, 42(4): 31-39, 63.)
[52] BRIANZA E, SCHMID M, TONDEUR J, et al. The digital silver lining of the pandemic: the impact on preservice teachers’ technological knowledge and beliefs[J]. Education and information technologies, 2024, 29(2): 1591-1616.
[53] YAMAMOTO M, KRISHNAN A, GOLDEN A, et al. Correlates of COVID-19 information overload and information seeking: evidence from a community survey[J]. American journal of health promotion, 2024, 38(4): 503-512.
[54] FERGUS T A. Cyberchondria and intolerance of uncertainty: examining when individuals experience health anxiety in response to internet searches for medical information[J]. Cyberpsychology, behavior, and social networking, 2013, 16(10): 735-739.
[55] 罗爱静, 陈阳, 谢文照, 等. 健康焦虑人群的网络健康信息搜索行为影响因素研究[J]. 情报资料工作, 2022, 43(2): 66-75. (LUO A J, CHEN Y, XIE W Z, et al. A study on the influencing factors of online health information search behavior of health anxiety population[J]. Information and documentation services, 2022, 43(2): 66-75.)
[56] 金燕, 张晓涵, 孙倬, 等.“ 预制” 之外:不确定性视角下在线健康信息搜寻行为与健康焦虑交互作用机制[J]. 图书情报知 识, 2025, 42(3): 105-117. (JIN Y, ZHANG X H, SUN Z, et al. Beyond “pre-scripted”: the interaction mechanism between online health information seeking behavior and health anxiety from an uncertainty perspective[J]. Documentation, information & knowledge, 2025, 42(3): 105-117.)
[57] ANDERSON N H, BUTZIN C A. Performance = motivation×ability: an integration-theoretical analysis[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1974, 30(5): 598.
[58] BERGER C R, CALABRESE R J. Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication[J]. Human communication research, 1974, 1(2): 99-112.
[59] 耿悦曦, 柯青. 健康焦虑人群信息行为特征、影响因素和互作用机制之元综合研究[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2021, 44(11): 150-159. (GENG Y X, KE Q. A meta-synthesis study on information behavior features, influencing factors and interplay mechanism of health anxiety group[J]. Information studies: theory & application, 2021, 44(11): 150-159.)