A Review of Research from the Perspective of Searching as Learning

Song Xiaoxuan; Liu Chang; Chen Jianlong

doi:10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2021.10.012

Library and Information Service >

2021 , Vol. 65 >Issue 10: 113 - 126

DOI: https://doi.org/10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2021.10.012

A Review of Research from the Perspective of Searching as Learning

Song Xiaoxuan ,
Liu Chang ,
Chen Jianlong

Expand

Department of Information Management, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Received date: 2020-12-16

Revised date: 2021-02-01

Online published: 2021-06-02

Fold

Abstract

[Purpose/significance] This paper intends to sort out SAL-related studies, to form a more complete review, which provides the corresponding guidance and reference for future research in the SAL. [Method/process] In this paper, we reviewed previous studies to summarize the four main concerns in the current SAL studies:the relationship between searching and learning, the influencing factors of the search process, the evaluation of learning, and system optimization. Accordingly, a research framework for SAL, comprehensively considering context, people, system, and the relationship between searching and learning was proposed. [Result/conclusion] Future research should focus on four key issues:① characterizing learning context to design learning-related search tasks, and evaluate learning outcome corresponding to task characteristics; ② exploring how individual's learning characteristics, e.g., cognitive and metacognitive characteristics affect search interactions during the search process; ③ understanding searching as a learning process, to investigate the connections between search behaviors and learning behaviors; ④ merging contextual factors, individual factors, and searching and learning characteristics, to redesign, configure and optimize the current search system, for the integration of search system and learning system, and effectively support learning.

Key words： searching as learning (SAL); learning-related search; search process; contextual factors; learning outcome; system optimization

Cite this article

Song Xiaoxuan , Liu Chang , Chen Jianlong . A Review of Research from the Perspective of Searching as Learning[J]. Library and Information Service, 2021 , 65(10) : 113 -126 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2021.10.012

References

[1] BATES M J. The invisible substrate of information science[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1999, 50(12), 1043-1050.
[2] RIEH S Y, COLLINS-THOMPSON K, HANSEN P, et al. Towards searching as a learning process:a review of current perspectives and future directions[J]. Journal of information science, 2016, 42(1):19-34.
[3] FISHER M, GODDU M K, KEIL F C. Searching for explanations:how the Internet inflates estimates of internal knowledge[J]. Journal of experimental psychology:general, 2015, 144(3):674-687.
[4] SMITH C L, RIEH S Y. Knowledge-context in search systems:toward information-literate actions[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. New York:ACM, 2019:55-62.
[5] RIEH S Y, GWIZDKA J, FREUND L, et al. Searching as learning:novel measures for information interaction research[J].Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2014, 51(1):1-4.
[6] SAWYER R K. The Cambridge handbook of the learning sciences[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[7] HANSEN P, RIEH S Y. Recent advances on searching as learning:an introduction to the special issue[J]. Journal of information science, 2016, 42(1):3-6.
[8] 奥姆罗德.学习心理学[M]. 汪玲,李燕平,廖凤林,等译.北京:中国人民大学出版社.2015.
[9] VAKKARI P. Searching as learning:a systematization based on literature[J]. Journal of information science, 2016, 42(1):7-18.
[10] O'BRIEN H L. Report from dagstuhl seminar (Vol. 17092):SAL - a information retrieval (IR)/interactive information retrieval (ⅡR) perspective[EB/OL].[2020-09-10]. https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2017/7357/pdf/dagrep_v007_i002_p135_s17092.pdf.
[11] GWIZDKA J, CHEN X. Towards observable indicators of learning on search[C]//Proceedings of SIGIR 2016 workshop:searching as learning (SAL). Italy:CEUR-WS,2016.
[12] BELKIN N. Anomalous states of knowledge as a basis for information retrieval[J]. Canadian journal of information and library science, 1980, 5(1):133-143.
[13] DERVIN B. An overview of sense-making research:concepts, methods and results to date[C]//Proceedings of international Communications Association annual meeting. Dallas, Texas, 1983:1-75.
[14] BATES M J. The design of browsing and berrypicking techniques for the online search interface[J]. Online review, 1989, 13(5):407-424.
[15] KUHLTHAU C C. Inside the search process:information seeking from the user's perspective[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1991, 42(5):361-371.
[16] VAKKARI P, PENNANEN M. Sources, relevance and contributory information of documents in writing a research proposal:a longitudinal case study[J]. The new review of information behaviour research, 2001, 2(11):217-232.
[17] VAKKARI P. Cognition and changes of search terms and tactics during task performance:a longitudinal case study[M]. Paris:Le centre de hautes etudes internationales d'informatique documentaire, 2000:894-907.
[18] VAKKARI P, HAKALA N. Changes in relevance criteria and problem stages in task performance[J]. Journal of documentation, 2000, 56(5):540-562.
[19] MARCHIONINI G. Exploratory search:from finding to understanding[J]. Communications of the ACM, 2006, 49(4):41-46.
[20] JÄRVELIN K, VAKKARI P, ARVOLA P, et al. Task-based information interaction evaluation:the viewpoint of program theory[J]. ACM transactions on information systems, 2015, 33(1):1-30.
[21] PIAGET J, COOK M. The origins of intelligence in children[M]. New York:International Universities Press, 1952.
[22] RUMELHART D, NORMAN D. Accretion, tuning, and restructuring:modes of learning[J]. Semantic factors in cognition, 1976:37-53.
[23] ZHANG P, SOERGEL D. Towards a comprehensive model of the cognitive process and mechanisms of individual sensemaking[J]. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2014, 65(9):1733-1756.
[24] VAKKARI P. Information search processes in complex tasks[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval. New York:ACM, 2018:1-11.
[25] KRAIGER K, FORD J K, SALAS E. Application of cognitive, skill-based, and affective theories of learning outcomes to new methods of training evaluation[J]. Journal of applied psychology, 1993, 78(2):311-328.
[26] BHATTACHARYA N, GWIZDKA J. Relating eye-tracking measures with changes in knowledge on search tasks[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 ACM symposium on eye tracking research & applications. New York:ACM, 2018:1-5.
[27] COLLINS-THOMPSON K, RIEH S Y, HAYNES C C, et al. Assessing learning outcomes in web search:a comparison of tasks and query strategies[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. New York:ACM, 2016:163-172.
[28] 谭金波.学生信息搜索的内隐与外显策略对网络学习绩效的影响[J].中国电化教育,2014(9):67-71, 77.
[29] GADIRAJU U, YU R, DIETZE S, et al. Analyzing knowledge gain of users in informational search sessions on the Web[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval. New York:ACM, 2018:2-11.
[30] YU R, GADIRAJU U, HOLTZ P, et al. Predicting user knowledge gain in informational search sessions[C]//The 41st international ACM SIGIR conference on research & development in information retrieval. New York:ACM, 2018:75-84.
[31] LIU C, SONG X. How do information source selection strategies influence users' learning outcomes'[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval. New York:ACM, 2018:257-260.
[32] SONG X, LIU C, LIU H. Characterizing and exploring users' task completion process at different stages in learning related tasks[J]. Proceedings of the association for information science and technology, 2018, 55(1):460-469.
[33] CHI Y, HAN S, HE D, et al. Exploring knowledge learning in collaborative information seeking process[C]//Proceedings of SIGIR 2016 workshop:searching as learning (SAL). Italy:CEUR-WS, 2016.
[34] ROY N, MORAES F, HAUFF C. Exploring users' learning gains within search sessions[C]//Proceedings of the 2020 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. New York:ACM, 2020:432-436.
[35] POTTHAST M, HAGEN M, VÖLSKE M, et al. Crowdsourcing interaction logs to understand text reuse from the Web[C]//Proceedings of the 51st annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Sofia:Association for Computational Linguistics, 2013:1212-1221.
[36] HAGEN M, POTTHAST M, VÖLSKE M, et al. How writers search:analyzing the search and writing logs of non-fictional essays[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 conference on human information interaction and retrieval. New York:ACM, 2016:193-202.
[37] 刘畅, 宋筱璇, 杨子傲. 用户信息搜索中的学习行为及过程探究[J]. 大学图书馆学报, 2019, 37(4):36-45.
[38] ZHANG P, SOERGEL D. Process patterns and conceptual changes in knowledge representations during information seeking and sensemaking:a qualitative user study[J]. Journal of information science, 2016, 42(1):59-78.
[39] LIU H, LIU C, BELKIN N J. Investigation of users' knowledge change process in learning-related search tasks[J]. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2019, 56(1):166-175.
[40] LIU C, SONG X, LIU H, et al. Modelling knowledge change behaviors in learning-related tasks[C]//Proceedings of CIKM 2020 workshop:1st international workshop on investigating learning during Web search. Ireland:CEUR-WS, 2020.
[41] ZHANG Y, LIU C. Users' knowledge use and change during information searching process:a perspective of vocabulary usage[C]//Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE joint conference on digital libraries in 2020. New York:ACM, 2020:47-56.
[42] COURTRIGHT C. Context in information behavior research[J]. Annual review of information science and technology, 2010, 41(1):273-306.
[43] WILLOUGHBY T, ANDERSON S A, WOOD E, et al. Fast searching for information on the Internet to use in a learning context:the impact of domain knowledge[J]. Computers & Education, 2009, 52(3):640-648.
[44] WILSON M J, WILSON M L. A comparison of techniques for measuring sensemaking and learning within participant-generated summaries[J]. Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, 2013, 64(2):291-306.
[45] 袁红,李秋.搜索任务和搜索能力对用户探索式搜索行为的影响研究[J].图书情报工作,2015,59(15):94-105.
[46] KINLEY K, TJONDRONEGORO D. User-Web interactions:how wholistic/analytic Web users search the Web?[C]//Proceedings of the 22nd conference of the computer-human interaction special interest group of Australia on computer-human interaction. New York:ACM, 2010:344-347.
[47] 刘涵蕊,刘畅.认知风格与话题熟悉度对学习型任务下搜索交互行为的影响研究[J].情报理论与实践,2018,41(4):56-62.
[48] 张路路,黄崑.基于认知风格的数字图书馆用户信息检索行为研究[J].情报学报,2018,37(11):1164-1174.
[49] ALLPORT G W. Personality:a psychological interpretation[J]. British journal of educational psychology, 1937, 13(7):48-50.
[50] FLAVELL J H. Metacognitive aspects of problem solving[J].The nature of intelligence, 1976:231-235.
[51] LIU G Z, CHONG S S. Metacognition & conceptual drifting in interactive information retrieval:an exploratory field study[J]. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2011, 48(1):1-9.
[52] BOWLER L. A taxonomy of adolescent metacognitive knowledge during the information search process[J]. Library & information science research, 2010, 32(1):27-42.
[53] VAKKARI P. Task-based information searching[J]. Annual review of information science and technology, 2003, 37(1):413-464.
[54] RUTHVEN I, KELLY D. Interactive information seeking, behaviour and retrieval[M]. London:Facet Publishing, 2011.
[55] 宋筱璇,刘畅.学习型搜索中用户信息源选择和使用策略研究[J].情报学报,2019,38(6):655-666.
[56] 宋筱璇,刘畅.搜索前后用户知识水平的评估及其变化情况分析[J].图书情报工作,2018,62(2):108-116.
[57] ANDERSON L W, KRATHWOHL D R. A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing:a revision of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives[M]. New York:Longman, 2001.
[58] JANSEN B J, BOOTH D, SMITH B. Using the taxonomy of cognitive learning to model online searching[J]. Information processing & management, 2009, 45(6):643-663.
[59] WU W C, KELLY D, EDWARDS A, et al. Grannies, tanning beds, tattoos and NASCAR:evaluation of search tasks with varying levels of cognitive complexity[C]//Proceedings of the 4th information interaction in context symposium. New York:ACM, 2012:254-257.
[60] KELLY D, ARGUELLO J, EDWARDS A, et al. Development and evaluation of search tasks for ⅡR experiments using a cognitive complexity framework[C]//Proceedings of the 2015 international conference on the theory of information retrieval. New York:ACM, 2015:101-110.
[61] GHOSH S, RATH M, SHAH C. Searching as learning:Exploring search behavior and learning outcomes in learning-related tasks[C]//Proceedings of the 2018 conference on human information interaction & retrieval. New York:ACM, 2018:22-31.
[62] 韩正彪,郭靖怡,潘培培,等.基于认知分类的大学生网络健康信息搜索的学习效果研究[J].图书情报知识,2020(4):19-31.
[63] URGO K, ARGUELLO J, CAPRA R. Anderson and Krathwohl's two-dimensional taxonomy applied to task creation and learning assessment[C]//Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGIR international conference on theory of information retrieval. New York:ACM, 2019:117-124.
[64] KOROBILI S, MALLIARI A, ZAPOUNIDOU S. Factors that influence information-seeking behavior:the case of Greek graduate students[J]. Journal of academic librarianship, 2011, 37(2):155-165.
[65] 袁红,施晓玲.搜索与学习:探索式搜索中的个体学习行为研究[J].情报理论与实践,2019,42(3):36-42.
[66] LIU C, ZHANG L, SONG X. Are self-assessment of search ability and performance reliable?[J]. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 2016, 53(1):1-4.
[67] HERSH W R, ELLIOT D L, HICKAM D H, et al. Towards new measures of information retrieval evaluation[C]//Proceedings of international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. New York:ACM, 1995:164-170.
[68] NELSON L, HELD C, PIROLLI P, et al. With a little help from my friends:examining the impact of social annotations in sensemaking tasks[C]//Proceedings of the 2009 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. New York:ACM, 2009:1795-1798.
[69] KAMMERER Y, NAIRN R, PIROLLI P, et al. Signpost from the masses:learning effects in an exploratory social tag search browser[C]//Proceedings of the 2009 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. New York:ACM, 2009:625-634.
[70] 夏立新,周鼎,叶光辉,等.情感负荷视角下探索式搜索学习效果的影响因素[J].图书情报知识,2020(4):133-141.
[71] 张云秋, 安文秀, 冯佳. 探索式信息搜索行为研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2012, 56(14):67-72.
[72] 刘萍,杨志伟,苏文婷.面向探索式搜索的认知结构量化评估[J].情报理论与实践,2019,42(5):99-105.
[73] KOLB D A. Experiential learning:experience as the source of learning and development[M]. New York:FT Press, 2014.
[74] INGWERSEN P, JÄRVELIN K. The turn:integration of information seeking and retrieval in context[M]. Netherlands:Springer, 2006.
[75] EICKHOFF C, TEEVAN J, WHITE R, et al. Lessons from the journey:a query log analysis of within-session learning[C]//Proceedings of the 7th ACM international conference on Web search and data mining. New York:ACM, 2014:223-232.
[76] WHITE R W, DUMAIS S T, TEEVAN J. Characterizing the influence of domain expertise on Web search behavior[C]//Proceedings of the second ACM international conference on Web search and data mining. New York:ACM, 2009:132-141.
[77] ZHANG X, COLE M, BELKIN N. Predicting users' domain knowledge from search behaviors[C]//Proceedings of the 34th international ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in information retrieval. New York:ACM, 2011:1225-1226.
[78] MEYER A, HANSEN P, FOURIE I. Assessing the potential of third space to design a creative virtual academic space based on findings from information behavior[EB/OL].[2020-09-10]. http://informationr.net/ir/23-4/isic2018/isic1814.html.
[79] TEIXEIRA C P, TIBAU M, SIQUEIRA S W M, et al. Reordering search results to support learning[C]//International symposium on emerging technologies for education. Cham:Springer, 2019:361-369.
[80] FULANTELLI G, MARENZI I, AHMAD Q A I, et al. SaR-Web-A tool to support search as learning processes[C]//Proceedings of SIGIR 2016 workshop:searching as learning. Italy:CEUR-WS, 2016.
[81] HUURDEMAN H C, WILSON M L, KAMPS J. Active and passive utility of search interface features in different information seeking task stages[C]//Proceedings of the 2016 ACM on conference on human information interaction and retrieval. New York:ACM, 2016:3-12.
[82] NIU X, KELLY D. The use of query suggestions during information search[J]. Information processing & management, 2014, 50(1):218-234.
[83] HUURDEMAN H C. Dynamic compositions:recombining search user interface features for supporting complex work tasks[C]//Proceedings of CHⅡR 2017 workshop on supporting complex search tasks. Norway:CEUR-WS, 2017:22-25.
[84] COLLINS-THOMPSON K, BENNETT P N, WHITE R W, et al. Personalizing web search results by reading level[C]//Proceedings of the 20th ACM international conference on information and knowledge management. New York:ACM, 2011:403-412.
[85] AZPIAZU I M, DRAGOVIC N, PERA M S, et al. Online searching and learning:YUM and other search tools for children and teachers[J]. Information retrieval journal, 2017, 20(5):524-545.
[86] WILSON M L, YE C, TWIDALE M B, et al. Search literacy:learning to search to learn[C]//Proceedings of SIGIR 2016 workshop:searching as learning. Italy:CEUR-WS, 2016.

Options

Outlines

模态框（Modal）标题

Abstract

Cite this article

References