[Purpose/Significance] The advancement of science and technology plays a vital role in safeguarding human life security and enhancing human well-being. Quantitative research on the dynamic relationship between scientific research and health needs could provide beneficial references for layout and resource allocation of scientific research.[Method/Process] On the basis of construction of a quantitative analysis framework of the relationship between scientific research and health needs, this paper took one of the world's major disability and mortality causes, namely neurological diseases, as a case study and used scientific academic publications, multiple indicators of disease burden (disability-adjusted life years, number of fatalities, research-dependent fraction of global burden of disease) and the Human Development Index (HDI) from 2000 to 2019 to explore the matching, correlation, and regression relationships between the burden of neurological diseases and scientific research outputs.[Result/Conclusion] The results show that the burden of neurological diseases and academic outputs have been increasing globally from 2000 to 2019. In general, the scientific community has given more than adequate attention to such diseases, but some of them (e.g., migraine) have been relatively poorly studied. From the perspective of countries at different HDI levels, the burden of neurological diseases is mainly concentrated in very-high level countries, and such countries are also the main contributors of relevant research. In terms of specific diseases, very-high level countries have paid less scientific attention on diseases (e.g., epilepsy) with relatively high burden in low- and medium-level countries. The regression analysis show that increase of disease burden had a positive impact on academic outputs. Further, the number of academic outputs is affected greater by the number of deaths in comparison to the disability-adjusted life years. In addition, the existing limitations of an innovative indicator "research-dependent fraction of global burden of disease" are also demonstrated by this paper, and some related suggestions are put forward based on the data results.
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