[Purpose/Significance] In the context of data factorization, exploring the characteristics and typology of public data authorized operation institutions is an important way to promote the public data value and the data infrastructure system in China. [Method/Process] An analytical framework was constructed, encompassing five key dimensions; the unity of authorizing entities, the completeness of operating subject qualifications, the extent of compensated authorized operations, the degree of operator fragmentation, and the soundness of operational mechanisms. Following a research path of “characteristic identification, typological analysis, and configuration exploration,”, this study comprehensively used content coding and sparse principal component analysis to indentify the type characteristics of local authorized operation systems. It then employed qualitative comparative analysis to explore the configuration paths between type characteristics and the effectiveness of public data development and utilization. [Result/Conclusion] Public data authorized operation systems in China can be classified into three types: economic gain-operational efficiency balance, unified authorized-flexible operation balance, and complete qualification compliance. The modes that can promote high utilization effectiveness includes complete qualification compliance led, complete qualification compliance led-unified management support, complete qualification compliance led-multiple benefits promotion, and complete qualification compliance led-multiple mechanism guarantee.
[1] 新华社.中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要[EB/OL].[2025-06-07]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-03/13/c_1127205564.htm.(Xinhua News Agency. Outline of the 14th five-year plan for national economic and social development of the people's republic of China and the long-range objectives through the year 2035[EB/OL].[2025-06-07]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/2021-03/13/c_1127205564.htm.)
[2] 国务院.国务院关于印发"十四五"数字经济发展规划的通知[EB/OL].[2025-06-07]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-01/12/content_5667817.htm.(State Council. Notice of the state council on issuing the"14th five-year plan"for digital economy development[EB/OL].[2025-06-07]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2022-01/12/content_5667817.htm.)
[3] 龚芳颖,郭森宇,马亮,等.公共数据授权运营的功能定位与实现机制--基于福建省案例的研究[J].电子政务,2023(11):28-41.(GONG F Y, GUO S Y, MA L, et al. Functional positioning and implementation mechanism of public data authorized operation:a case study based on Fujian province[J].E-government, 2023(11):28-41.)
[4] 张会平,顾勤,徐忠波.政府数据授权运营的实现机制与内在机理研究--以成都市为例[J].电子政务, 2021(5):34-44.(ZHANG H P, GU Q, XU Z B. Research on the implementation mechanism and internal mechanism of government data authorized operation:taking Chengdu as an example[J].E-government, 2021(5):34-44.)
[5] 国家发展改革委,国家数据局.公共数据资源授权运营实施规范(试行)[EB/OL].[2025-06-16]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202501/content_7000191.htm.(National Development and Reform Commission, National Data Administration. Implementation specifications for the authorized operation of public data resources (trial)[EB/OL].[2025-06-16]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202501/content_7000191.htm.)
[6] 吴亮.政府数据授权运营的公私协作趋向及其法治完善[J].东方法学, 2023(6):43-52.(WU L. The trend of public-private collaboration in the authorized operation of government data and its legal improvement[J]. Oriental law, 2023(6):43-52.)
[7] 程啸.论数据权益[J].国家检察官学院学报, 2023, 31(5):77-94.(CHENG X. On data rights and interests[J]. Journal of national procurators college, 2023, 31(5):77-94.)
[8] 冯洋.公共数据授权运营的行政许可属性与制度建构方向[J].电子政务, 2023(6):77-87.(FENG Y. The administrative licensing attributes and institutional construction direction of public data authorized operation[J]. E-government, 2023(6):77-87.)
[9] 王伟玲.政府数据授权运营:实践动态、价值网络与推进路径[J].电子政务, 2022(10):20-32.(WANG W L. Authorized operation of government data:practical dynamics, value network,and promotion path[J]. E-government, 2022(10):20-32.)
[10] 孙清白.公共数据授权运营营利性与公益性的冲突及其制度协调[J].行政法学研究, 2024(3):140-153.(SUN Q B.Attributes conflict and institutional coordination of the authorized operation public data[J]. Administrative law review, 2024(3):140-153.)
[11] 马颜昕.公共数据授权运营的类型构建与制度展开[J].中外法学, 2023, 35(2):328-345.(MA Y X. Typological construction and institutional development of authorized operation of public data[J]. Peking university law journal, 2023, 35(2):328-345.)
[12] 蒋余浩,贾开.公共数据牵引与数据要素共享式开放:改变现状权的理论视角[J].电子政务, 2024(5):43-52.(JIANG Y H,JIA K. Public data traction and shared openness of data elements:a theoretical perspective on the right to change the status quo[J].E-government, 2024(5):43-52.)
[13] 高富平.公共机构的数据持有者权--多元数据开放体系的基础制度[J].行政法学研究, 2023(4):19-36.(GAO F P.Data holder right of public organizations:basic institutions of the multiple data opening system[J]. Administrative law review,2023(4):19-36.)
[14] 孟庆国,王友奎,王理达.公共数据开放利用与授权运营:内涵、模式与机制方法[J].中国行政管理, 2024, 40(9):43-53, 159.(MENG Q G, WANG Y K, WANG L D. Public data open and authorized operation:connotation, models, mechanism and methods[J]. Chinese public administration, 2024, 40(9):43-53, 159.)
[15] 郑磊.打通数据"宝瓶口":公共数据资源供给的路径和目的[J].图书情报知识, 2024, 41(2):23-27.(ZHENG L. Open the treasure bottle:the path and purpose of the supplying public data resources[J]. Documentation, information&knowledge, 2024,41(2):23-27.)
[16] 倪愫襄.制度概念释义[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2014, 16(6):589-592.(NI S X. Interpretation of the concept of institution[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (social science edition), 2014, 16(6):589-592.)
[17] 刘阳阳.公共数据授权运营:生成逻辑、实践图景与规范路径[J].电子政务, 2022(10):33-46.(LIU Y Y. Authorized operation of public data:generation logic, practical landscape,and normative path[J]. E-government, 2022(10):33-46.)
[18] 马海群,邹纯龙,王今.中国式现代化视阈下的数据开放实践--从政务信息到公共数据[J].情报科学, 2023, 41(8):2-8.(MA H Q, ZOU C L, WANG J. Data opening practice in the perspective of Chinese-style modernization:from government information to public data[J]. Information science, 2023, 41(8):2-8.)
[19] 赵需要,姬祥飞,樊振佳.政府数据开放到公共数据开放的嬗变[J].情报理论与实践, 2024, 47(4):50-58, 83.(ZHAO X Y,JI X F, FAN Z J. Evolution from open government data to open public data[J]. Information studies:theory&application, 2024,47(4):50-58, 83.)
[20] 新华社.中共中央国务院关于构建数据基础制度更好发挥数据要素作用的意见[EB/OL].[2025-06-13]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2022-12/19/content_5732695.htm.(Xinhua News Agency. Communist party of China central committee and the state council's opinions on building a data foundation system to better utilize the role of data elements[EB/OL].[2025-06-13]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2022-12/19/content_5732695.htm.)
[21] 严宇,李珍珍,孟天广.公共数据授权运营模式的类型学分析--基于数字治理生态的理论视角[J].行政论坛, 2024,31(1):74-82, 2.(YAN Y, LI Z Z, MENG T G. A typological analysis of public data authorized operation modes:based on the theoretical perspective of digital governance ecosystem[J].Administrative tribune, 2024, 31(1):74-82, 2.)
[22] 龚芳颖,张迎新,郭森宇,等.我国公共数据授权运营地方实践的主要模式与形成机制[J].中国行政管理, 2024, 40(9):54-65.(GONG F Y, ZHANG Y X, GUO S Y, et al. The main modes and formation mechanisms of public data authorization operation in China[J]. Chinese public administration, 2024, 40(9):54-65.)
[23] 高圣平,孙玉维.公共数据授权运营的法律属性与责任承担[J].江苏社会科学, 2024(4):130-140, 243.(GAO S P, SUN Y W.Legal attributes and liability of the authorized operation of public data[J]. Jiangsu social sciences, 2024(4):130-140, 243.)
[24] 王跃,莫莉娟,苏娜.公共数据授权运营体系整体视图、建设策略与部委应用研究[J].数据与计算发展前沿, 2024,6(5):1-16.(WANG Y, MO L J, SU N. Research on the overall view, construction strategy and ministerial application of the public data authorized operation system[J]. Frontiers of data&computing, 2024, 6(5):1-16.)
[25] 王年.公共数据授权运营的法律性质与制度构建[J].江汉论坛, 2025(5):134-135.(WANG N. The legal nature and institutional construction of authorized operation of public data[J]. Jianghan tribune, 2025(5):134-135.)
[26] 沈斌.公共数据授权运营的功能定位、法律属性与制度展开[J].电子政务, 2023(11):42-53.(SHEN B. Functional orientation,legal attribute and institutional development of authorized operation of public data[J]. E-government, 2023(11):42-53.)
[27] 门理想,张瑶瑶,张会平,等.公共数据授权运营的收益分配体系研究[J].电子政务, 2023(11):14-27.(MEN L X, ZHANG Y Y, ZHANG H P, et al. Research on the income distribution system of authorized operation of public data[J]. E-government,2023(11):14-27.)
[28] 斯科特.制度与组织:思想观念与物质利益[M].姚伟,王黎芳,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2015:123-125.(SCOTT W R. Institutions and organizations:ideas, interests,and identities[M]. YAO W, WANG L F, trans. Beijing:Renmin University Press, 2015:123-125.)
[29] 复旦大学数字与移动治理实验室.中国地方公共数据开放利用报告[EB/OL].[2025-07-15]. http://www.ifopendata.cn/report.(Lab for Digital&Mobile Governance. China open data index[EB/OL].[2025-07-15]. http://www.ifopendata.cn/report.)
[30] SCHNEIDER C Q, WAGEMANN C. Set-theoretic methods for the social sciences:a guide to qualitative comparative analysis[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2012.
