RESEARCH PAPERS

Research on the Construction of a Cross-Border Trusted Data Space Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

  • Chen Yuanyuan ,
  • Zhang Li ,
  • Ma Haiqun
Expand
  • School of Information Management, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080
Chen Yuanyuan, Professor, PhD, Master's Supervisor, E-mail: skyyuanyuan0451@126.com; Zhang Li, Master's Candidate; Ma Haiqun, Professor, PhD, Doctoral Supervisor.

Received date: 2025-05-07

  Revised date: 2025-06-21

  Online published: 2026-07-13

Supported by

This work is supported by the Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation project titled “Research on the Construction of Cross-border Trusted Data Spaces Based on Risk Identification and Assessment of Cross-border Data Flows” (Grant No. PL2025G038).

Abstract

[Purpose/Significance] Against the backdrop of global data sovereignty competition and fragmented digital governance paradigms, the construction of cross-border trusted data spaces (CTDS) have emerged as a critical pathway to resolve the “security-efficiency-sovereignty” trilemma in cross-border data flows. Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps (FCM), this study develops a PEST (Political-Economic-Social-Technical) based model of CTDS construction to explore strategic pathways for cross-border data governance. [Method/Process] By integrating the International Data Spaces Association (IDSA) framework and policy texts, 16 key factors were identified through the Delphi method to construct an FCM-based causal relationship model for CTDS. A time-lag factor (λ=0.7) was introduced to quantify policy transmission delays, and Monte Carlo simulations were employed to analyze the dynamic evolution of CTDS in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Comparative assessments of single-factor interventions and multi-factor collaborative strategies were conducted. Additionally, an actor-network theory (ANT)-informed optimization framework was proposed for pathway refinement. [Result/Conclusion] The CTDS network exhibits high density and strong connectivity, with intermediaries (B3), security and data sovereignty (A3), and value-added applications (B2) serving as core hubs due to their high degree centrality, in/out centrality, and topological advantages. Dynamic simulations demonstrate path dependency in GBA’s CTDS development, where multi-factor collaborative interventions significantly outperform single-factor approaches in both efficacy and system stability. Based on ANT, a systemic three-phase pathway—”network topology restructuring, structural inertia disruption, and translation strategy optimization”—is proposed. It integrates resilient certification frameworks, empowerment of non-human actors, and dynamic feedback mechanisms to achieve deep alignment of legal norms, technological tools, and market practices. The study provides theoretical and practical insights for optimizing transnational data governance ecosystems.

Cite this article

Chen Yuanyuan , Zhang Li , Ma Haiqun . Research on the Construction of a Cross-Border Trusted Data Space Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps[J]. Library and Information Service, 2026 , 70(14) : 43 -58 . DOI: 10.13266/j.issn.0252-3116.2026.14.004

References

[1] 中国联通研究院.企业数据跨境合规与技术应用白皮书(2023)[R/OL]. [2025-09-22]. http: //221.179.172.81/images/20231129/49261701242593785.pdf. (China Unicom Research Institute. Enterprise cross-border data compliance and technology white paper (2023) [R/OL]. [2025-09-22]. http: //221.179.172.81/images/20231129/49261701242593785.pdf.)
[2] 国家数据局.《可信数据空间发展行动计划(2024—2028年)》[EB/OL]. [2025-09-23]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202411/content_6996363.htm. (National data administration. Development action plan for trusted data spaces (2024–2028) [EB/OL]. [2025-09-23]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202411/content_6996363.htm.)
[3] 张军荣, 刘忠学. 我国数据分类分级政策内容分析与优化路径[J/OL]. 图书馆建设, [2025-07-07]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1331.g2.20250218.1011.004.html. (ZHANG J R, LIU Z X. Content analysis and optimization path of China’s data classification and grading policy [J/OL]. Library development, [2025-07-07]. http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/23.1331.g2.20250218.1011.004.html.)
[4] 王皓.国际组织在全球数字经济治理中的双重角色[J]. 国际经贸探索, 2025, 41(2): 106-118. (WANG H. The dual role of international organizations in global digital economy governance [J]. International economics and trade research, 2025, 41(2): 106-118.)
[5] 张磊, 徐琳. WTO《投资便利化协定》推动多边规制融合:机制、特征与中国实践[J]. 国际经济评论, 2025(1): 84-109, 6. (ZHANG L, XU L. WTO’s investment facilitation agreement promoting multilateral regulatory convergence: mechanisms, characteristics, and China’s practice [J]. International economic review, 2025(1): 84-109, 6.)
[6] 朝乐门. 数据创造价值:特征、方法与影响因素分析[J]. 中国图书馆学报, 2025, 51(3): 65-86. (CHAO L M. Data creating value: analysis of characteristics, methods and influencing factors[J]. Journal of library science in China, 2025, 51(3): 65-86.)
[7] 郭海玲, 卫金金, 刘仲山, 等.数据生态视角下跨境数据价值实现影响机制研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2025, 69(8): 90-106. (GUO H L, WEI J J, LIU Z S, et al. Influencing mechanisms of cross-border data value realization from a data ecosystem perspective[J]. Library and information service, 2025, 69(8): 90-106.)
[8] 张楚辉, 李卓卓, 裴雷.多学科交叉与多场景嵌入:国内外数据伦理研究综述[J]. 信息资源管理学报, 2025, 15(2): 91-107. (ZHANG C H, LI Z Z, PEI L. Multidisciplinary integration and multi-scenario embedding: a review of domestic and international data ethics research[J]. Journal of information resources management, 2025, 15(2): 91-107.)
[9] 杨峰.数据跨境流动的可信与可行[J]. 图书馆建设, 2025(2): 9-11, 25. (YANG F. Trustworthiness and feasibility of cross-border data flow[J]. Library construction, 2025(2): 9-11, 25.)
[10] 苏宇, 卢怡.数据要素可信交易流通:共同数据空间的制度塑成[J]. 电子政务, 2024(12): 53-64. (SU Y, LU Y. Trusted transaction and circulation of data elements: the institutional shaping of common data spaces [J]. E-government, 2024(12): 53-64.)
[11] BADIROVA A, ALANGOT B, DIMITRAKOS T, et al. Towards robust trust frameworks for data exchange: a multidisciplinary inquiry[C]//Open identity summit 2024. Bonn: Gesellschaft Für Informatik E.V, 2024: 15-26.
[12] ISO, IEC. ISO/IEC DIS 20151—2021: information technology—cloud computing and distributed platforms—data space concepts and characteristics [S]. Geneva: ISO, 2021.
[13] 赵德宝, 钟小平.OpenStack云计算平台实战[M]. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2022: 285. (ZHAO D B, ZHONG X P. Practical guide to OpenStack cloud computing platform [M]. Beijing: People’s Posts and Telecommunications Press, 2022: 285.)
[14] 李金蔓, 杜杏叶, 曹珂瑞.数智时代图书馆用户服务体系构建——学术交流视角[J]. 图书情报工作, 2025, 69(6): 4-17. (LI J M, DU X Y, CAO K R, et al. Construction of library user service system in the digital intelligence era: from the perspective of academic communication [J]. Library and information service, 2025, 69(6): 4-17.)
[15] European Commission. European strategy for data[EB/OL]. [2025-09-05]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52020DC0066.
[16] AHMADIAN A S, JÜRJENS J, STRÜBER D. Extending model-based privacy analysis for the industrial data space by exploiting privacy level agreements[C]//Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM symposium on applied computing. New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018: 1142-1149.
[17] NOARDO F, ATKINSON R, BASTIN L, et al. Standards for data space building blocks[J]. Remote sensing, 2024, 16(20): 3824.1-38.
[18] 赵一鸣, 黄丹迪.我国可信数据空间的建设原则与发展路径[J]. 现代情报, 2025, 45(6): 126-139. (ZHAO Y M, HUANG D D. Construction principles and development paths of trusted data space in China[J]. Journal of modern information, 2025, 45(6): 126-139.)
[19] 敦帅, 柳恒超.可信数据空间建设:制度、技术与治理[J/OL]. 科学学研究, 1-11[2025-06-18]. https://doi.org/10.16192/j.cnki.1003-2053.20250527.001. (DUN S, LIU H C. Trusted data space construction: institutions, technologies, and governance[J/OL]. Studies in science of science, 1-11[2025-06-18]. https://doi.org/10.16192/j.cnki.1003-2053.20250527.001.)
[20] 李卓卓, 张楚辉. 数据伦理框架:国际对话与中国化的构建路径[J]. 情报学报, 2024, 43(2): 154-166. (LI Z Z, ZHANG C H. Data ethics framework: international dialogue and the path of localization in China[J]. Journal of the China Society for Scientific and Technical Information, 2024, 43(2): 154-166.)
[21] 谈晓文.欧盟数据共享治理模式研究及中国镜鉴[J]. 德国研究, 2024, 39(5): 113-133, 138. (TAN X W. Research on the EU’s data sharing governance model and its implications for China[J]. German studies, 2024, 39(5): 113-133, 138.)
[22] 文铭, 李星熠.“自由—规制”框架下跨境数据流动治理及中国方案[J]. 中国科技论坛, 2024(4): 106-116. (WEN M, LI X Y. Governance of cross-border data flows under the “freedom-regulation” framework and China’s approach[J]. Forum on science and technology in China, 2024(4): 106-116.)
[23] 胡海波, 耿骞.数据跨境流动治理研究:溯源、脉络与动向[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2023, 46(7): 178-186, 177. (HU H B, GENG Q. Research on governance of cross-border data flow: origin, context, and trends[J]. Information studies: theory & application, 2023, 46(7): 178-186, 177.)
[24] 蔡跃洲, 马文君.数据要素对高质量发展影响与数据流动制约[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2021, 38(3): 64-83. (CAI Y Z, MA W J. The impact of data factors on high-quality development and the constraints on data flow[J]. The journal of quantitative & technical economics, 2021, 38(3): 64-83.)
[25] 陈晔婷, 黄曾媛, 刘金涛, 等.中国—东盟跨境数据共享的影响因素与驱动路径研究:基于TOE框架的fsQCA与NCA分析[J]. 世界经济研究, 2024(11): 108-119, 137. (CHEN Y T, HUANG Z Y, LIU J T, et al. Influencing factors and driving paths of China-ASEAN cross-border data sharing: an fsQCA and NCA analysis based on the TOE framework[J]. World economy studies, 2024(11): 108-119, 137.)
[26] 宋科, 孙翼, 朱斯迪.央行数字货币能带来货币国际化吗[J]. 国际经济评论, 2024(6): 103-124, 7. (SONG K, SUN Y, ZHU S D, et al. Can central bank digital currency promote currency internationalization?[J]. International economic review, 2024(6): 103-124, 7.)
[27] 范柏乃, 盛中华.数字风险治理:研究脉络、理论框架及未来展望[J]. 管理世界, 2024, 40(8): 208-239. (FAN B N, SHENG Z H. Digital risk governance: research evolution, theoretical framework, and future prospects[J]. Management world, 2024, 40(8): 208-239.)
[28] 程啸.数据权益与数据交易[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2024: 572. (CHENG X. Data rights and data transactions[M]. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2024: 572.)
[29] 杜小勇, 黄科满, 卢卫.跨域数据治理[M]. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2024: 318. (DU X Y, HUANG K M, LU W. Cross-domain data governance[M]. Beijing: China Renmin University Press, 2024: 318.)
[30] 韩慧健, 韩佳兵, 张锐.基于模糊认知图的物流需求预测模型研究[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 2019, 39(6): 1487-1495. (HAN H J, HAN J B, ZHANG R. Research on logistics demand forecasting model based on fuzzy cognitive map[J]. Systems engineering - theory & practice, 2019, 39(6): 1487-1495.)
[31] 李青青, 孙守强.面向突发公共卫生事件的全流程应急决策体系构建[J]. 情报杂志, 2025, 44(2): 66-71, 91. (LI Q Q, SUN S Q. Construction of a whole-process emergency decision-making system for public health emergencies[J]. Journal of intelligence, 2025, 44(2): 66-71, 91.)
[32] MORONE P, YILAN G, IMBERT E. Using fuzzy cognitive maps to identify better policy strategies to valorize organic waste flows: an Italian case study[J]. Journal of cleaner production, 2021, 319: 128722.
[33] GAN X, YAN K, WEN T. Using fuzzy cognitive maps to develop policy strategies for the development of green rural housing: a case study in China[J]. Technological forecasting and social change, 2023, 192: 122590.
[34] MAHMOODI S A, MIRZAIE K, MAHMOODI M S, et al. A medical decision support system to assess risk factors for gastric cancer based on fuzzy cognitive map[J]. Computational and mathematical methods in medicine, 2020(1): 1016284.
[35] KAZEMI F, BAHRAMI A, SHARIF J A. Mineral processing plant site selection using integrated fuzzy cognitive map and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process approach: a case study of gilsonite mines in Iran[J]. Minerals engineering, 2020, 147: 106143.
[36] RAJAGOPAL V, SHANMUGAM P V, NANDRE R. Quantifying reputation risk using a fuzzy cognitive map: a case of a pharmaceutical supply chain[J]. Journal of advances in management research, 2022, 19(1): 78-105.
[37] POOMAGAL S, SUJATHA R, KUMAR P S, et al. A fuzzy cognitive map approach to predict the hazardous effects of malathion to environment (air, water and soil)[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 263: 127926.
[38] BAKHTAVAR E, YOUSEFI S. Assessment of workplace accident risks in underground collieries by integrating a multi-goal cause-and-effect analysis method with MCDM sensitivity analysis[J]. Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment, 2018, 32(12): 3317-3332.
[39] FALCONE P M, DE ROSA S P. Use of fuzzy cognitive maps to develop policy strategies for the optimization of municipal waste management: a case study of the land of fires (Italy)[J]. Land use policy, 2020, 96: 104680.
[40] 刘勤明, 叶春明, 吕锋.智能系统远程运维技术[M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2024: 396. (LIU Q M, YE C M, LYU F. Remote operation and maintenance technology for intelligent systems[M]. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2024: 396.)
[41] 陆峰.数字化转型与治理方法论[M]. 北京: 人民邮电出版社, 2022: 258. (LU F. Digital transformation and governance methodology[M]. Beijing: Posts & Telecom Press, 2022: 258.)
[42] 刘兵, 池宜兴, 曾建丽, 等.空间科学卫星工程项目进度及风险分析——基于蒙特卡洛模拟仿真[J]. 科技管理研究, 2021, 41(13): 158-166. (LIU B, CHI Y X, ZENG J L, et al. Schedule and risk analysis of space science satellite engineering projects: based on Monte Carlo simulation[J]. Science and technology management research, 2021, 41(13): 158-166.)
[43] 雷辉.多主体协同共建的行动者网络构建研究[M]. 北京:人民出版社, 2017: 16-18. (LEI H. Research on the construction of multi-agent collaborative actor networks[M]. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 2017: 16-18.)
[44] 国际数据空间协会. IDS-RAM 4.0[R/OL]. [2025-08-22]. https://github.com/International-Data-Spaces-Association/IDS-RAM_4_0. (International Data Spaces Association. IDS-RAM 4.0[R/OL]. [2025-08-22]. https://github.com/International-Data-Spaces-Association/IDS-RAM_4_0.)
[45] 国际数据空间协会.数据空间景观的立场文件[R/OL]. [2025-09-21]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Data-Spaces-Landscape-1.pdf. (International Data Spaces Association. Position paper on data spaces landscape[R/OL]. [2025-09-21]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Data-Spaces-Landscape-1.pdf.)
[46] 国际数据空间协会.数据空间中的语义互操作性立场文件[R/OL]. [2025-09-18]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Semantic-Interoperability-in-Data-Spaces-1.pdf. (International Data Spaces Association. Position paper on semantic interoperability in data spaces[R/OL]. [2025-09-18]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Semantic-Interoperability-in-Data-Spaces-1.pdf.)
[47] 国际数据空间协会.AI法案的数据空间立场文件[R/OL]. [2025-09-12]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Data-Spaces-for-the-Al-Act-1-1.pdf. (International Data Spaces Association. Position paper on data spaces for the AI Act[R/OL]. [2025-09-12]. https://internationaldataspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/IDSA-Position-Paper-Data-Spaces-for-the-Al-Act-1-1.pdf.)
[48] 欧洲委员会.欧洲数据战略[EB/OL]. [2025-08-22]. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-data-strategy_en. (European Commission. European data strategy[EB/OL]. [2025-08-22]. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/european-data-strategy_en.)
[49] IEEE标准协会. IEEE 3158: 10881标准[S/OL]. [2025-07-22]. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/3158/10881/. (IEEE Standards Association. IEEE 3158: 10881 standard[S/OL]. [2025-07-22]. https://standards.ieee.org/ieee/3158/10881/.)
[50] 数据空间研究院.《数据空间发展战略蓝皮书》[EB/OL]. [2025-07-15]. https://kcr.ahnews.com.cn/kcr/content/4658_1133337.html. (Data Space Research Institute. Blue book on data space development strategy[EB/OL]. [2025-07-15]. https://kcr.ahnews.com.cn/kcr/content/4658_1133337.html.)
[51] 国家信息中心浪潮云.2024数据空间关键技术研究报告[EB/OL]. [2025-09-09]. https://max.book118.com/html/2024/0909/8074056007006125.shtm. (National Information Center & Inspur Cloud. 2024 research report on key technologies for data spaces[EB/OL]. [2025-09-09]. https://max.book118.com/html/2024/0909/8074056007006125.shtm.)
[52] 陈美, 汪翠翠.开放政府数据用户利用能力影响因素分析——基于DEMATEL-ISM的研究[J]. 图书情报工作, 2024, 68(14): 128-141. (CHEN M, WANG C C. Analysis of influencing factors on open government data utilization capability: a DEMATEL-ISM based approach[J]. Library and information service, 2024, 68(14): 128-141.)
Outlines

/

〈 〉